Romeo Juliet Essays

Romeo Juliet Essays Romeo Juliet Paper Romeo Juliet Paper The tragic play of Romeo and Juliet was written by a world renowned script writer William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was born in 1564 and died in 1616. William Shakespeare is for his great contribution to English literature. Even though nearly 400 after his death, many people choose to study his work over many other writers. Much of his work has been translated in a variety of languages. Shakespeare has accomplished many brilliant pieces of literature, like; sonnets, poems and play scripts. One of his most famous plays was Romeo and Juliet. This play is about a romantic tragedy of two lovers whos freedom to express their love is torn by the hatred between the families they are from. Both are young and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, they viewed love in a very different concept. Many film directors have used the theme of this play in their movies. Some directors use the whole script or most of the script and have created many films based on Shakespeares work.The end of the pla y resulted in both of their tragic deaths. The following essay will explore how the characters and relationship of Romeo and Juliet evolve between act 1 and act 2.At the very beginning of the play before Romeo and Juliet meet, he feels deeply saddened because Rosaline, the girl he loves has rejected him. At this point he pities himself because of this: ay me sad hours seem long. Romeos character is very melodramatic; he takes things that have happened to him very seriously. Montague, Romeos father says that in the morning he sees Romeo crying: Many a morning hath there been seen, with tears. Shakespeare portrays Romeos character as being very venerable to situations that do not go to his accordance. At this point the audience will see Romeo as like a spoilt teenager, bearing in mind that he is from a very high class and status family and the only child of the Montague couple.Like the majority of teenagers of Romeos age, they are constantly troubles with issues concerning love and re lationships. However, in Romeos situation, Shakespeare has used the effect of love on Romeo but the audience sees Romeo taking his emotions and outcomes extremely seriously as if it were to be a very serious situation: Away from light steals home my heavy son, and private in his chamber pens himself, shuts up his windows, locks far daylight and makes himself an artificial night. This quote shows that Romeo is hutting himself in his chamber, this demonstrates that Romeo wants to be by himself. Overall, the first glimpses of Romeo shows himself as being a self centred teenager who takes things very seriously, which is not necessary.On the other hand, Juliets character before she meets Romeo is very venerable too and also obedient. At first, Juliets father confronted her with a proposal from a man called Paris: But now, my Lord, what say you to my suit. However, Juliet says herself that she has not thought of marriage yet: It is an honour that I dream not of. Juliet tells her mother th at she has thought about marriage, yet, she is not keen on being married. This is because she describes marriage as an honour. Further on, Juliets mother Lady Capulet asks her if she could love Paris: Speak briefly, can you like Paris love? Juliet replies by saying: Ill look to like, if looking liking move: But no more deep will I endart my eye than your consent gives me strength to make it fly. Juliets response is that she will try to bond and like Paris if her parents give her their consent. Shakespeare is presenting to the audience that Juliet at this point is very obedient to her parents; she will only do what pleases her parents.Another characteristic of Juliet is that she is venerable, and because of this she is protected by her family, the Capulet family. A quote which suggests this is: My child is yet a stranger to the world. Her father is telling Paris that his daughter is new to the world. She has no understanding of the happenings outside the Capulet house. The previous q uote could also suggest that she is still young. Capulet is very protective towards his only daughter: And soon marrd are those so early made, Capulet is saying that it could ruin Juliet is she gets married and gives birth at an early age. This significantly shows that he is concerned about her wellbeing so he prevents her from marriage until a certain point in time: let two summers wither in their pride, Capulet is giving his consent to Paris to marry Juliet after the passing of two summers so she can mature more. Juliet is the only daughter of Capulet that means that she will probably be spoilt and will be protected. Capulet says himself that she is his world: The earth hath sawllowd all my hopes but she, she is the hopeful lady of my earth, this quote also suggests that Juliet is naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve too.The first impressions the audience will draw towards on Romeo and Juliet is that Romeo is a self catered teenager and is melodramatic whereas Juliet is obedient, protected, venerable and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve. Shakespeare uses situations in the play that concern Romeo and situations that concern Juliet. However, the main point is that these situations reveal the characteristics of the pair before they meet each other. From analysing their characteristic the audience can see that Romeo and Juliet is a dangerous combination. Also foreshadowing what is to come in later scenes. The reasons for this is that in one hand Romeo is melodramatic and always wants what he desires and on the other hand Juliet is highly obedient. So, Romeo will want Juliets heart and Juliet is obedient so she may accept it.Romeo is at the Capulet house, where a party is taking place. Despite the fact that the Montague are the sworn enemy of the Capulet, Romeo still takes the risk and attends. When Romeo sees Juliet for the first time he comes out with a soliloquy. Shakespeare has done this so Romeos inner thoughts can be revealed to the audience. Romeo opens the soliloquy by complimenting Juliets beauty: O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheeks of night. Romeo describes Juliets beauty, her face makes her seem bright like fire, and he associates fire with Juliets beauty. He continues: Like a rich jewel in an Ethiopes ear; Beauty too for use, for earth too dear!Romeo compares Juliet to an Ethiopian with jewel dangling from her ear, he says she is too good for everyday life; she is something unique and special. The play Romeo and Juliet, in terms of the comparison of darkness and light, this theme shows up commonly in successive scenes. The comparison of dark and light is a fundamental element of their love, it is interesting to note that significant love scenes are set in the dark not in the disarray of the day. This significantly suggests that Romeo loves Juliet at night. However, he kills Tybalt while it is day. This idea is particularly evident in the first act, in the way Romeo is said to be shutting out the daylight while he is yea rning for his love and the rejection of Rosaline.Romeo seems to be forgetting Rosaline. The beauty of Juliet has illumined Romeo and he has given up being depressed over Rosaline: Did my heart love till now? For swear it sight. Romeo is thinking that has he ever known love until he saw Juliet. Then he again speaks of Juliets beauty in the last line of the soliloquy: For I never saw beauty till this night. The previous quotation verifies that Romeo has given up the love of Rosaline and he now thinks that he has seen true beauty and is in complete love with Juliet. From what the audience have seen from Romeo so far at the first meeting with Juliet is that he has changed his course of love. The audience will see his character as fickle; he is jumping from one woman to another. This shows how immature Romeo is; he takes every opportunity to meet his circumstances.Juliets first glimpse of Romeo was when he confronted her in the party. Romeo uses clever language and double meaning to sedu ce her: If I profane with my unworthiest hand. This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Romeo is saying to Juliet if he were to touch her he would be committing blasphemy. Shakespeare has used words such as holy shrine and pilgrims; he does this to make Juliet seem pure like religion. What Romeo is trying to do here is to kiss Juliet. However, Juliet hearing that Romeo is comparing her to a shrine, she continues with this religious concept. Juliet calls Romeo a Good pilgrimJuliet then replies to the proposal from Romeo to kiss her: For saints have hands that pilgrims hands do touch. And palm to palm is holy palmers kiss: By using religious theme like Romeo when he spoke to her, Juliet suggests that they should kiss but do it by touching hands. Romeo seems unsatisfied by this and he again proposes to kiss by using their lips: Have not saint lips, and holy palmers too? Juliet flatly refuses his second proposal: Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer. Juliet says that pilgrims use their lips in prayer. Romeo who is the type who does not take no for an answer again persists for a kiss: O, then, dear saint, let lips do; they pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. Romeo says that let both of their lips touch or the faith he has in her will turn to despair. Juliet, who has never experienced a situation like this before is left with two paths; either to accept Romeos proposal, or turn him down.Bearing in mind the fact that Juliet has not yet grasped the understanding of true human nature outside her home, so unfortunately she falls under the lure from Romeo and accepts his asking: Saints do not move, though grant for prayers sake. This is Juliets way of indicating her approval. Juliets lack of understanding in the sense of love makes her easily owned by Romeo. This scene at the party was Juliets first ever awakening to love. Romeo successfully achieves what he ai med for, but he only managed to do it after a couple of failed attempts which were used as persuasion techniques used on Juliet. Romeos last asking to Juliet probably made her think that she would lose someone who could love her.She never had anyone else but Paris who she can give her love to and now that she has been given a dose of Romeos interpretation of love she made the decision to accept his love. Romeo has done enough to convince Juliet that he is the one for her. The audience will now view Juliet as obedient to what Romeo has said to her. Adding to that, she is immature for accepting melodramatic Romeos wish. Romeo says himself that he will turn to despair, which is again demonstrating his melodramatic character. This could be one of the reasons for Juliets acceptance. She did not want to refuse an opportunity for love.At this point in the play, it can easily be verified that Romeo has control over Juliet, in terms of their relations to one another during their first meetin g. The first reason which justifies the previous statement is that Romeo notices Juliet before she does. Further on, he lures himself to her and also he asks her permission to kiss her and eventually he wins her. While, on the other hand Juliet cab be named as the follower because of her obedience to Romeos desire. Juliets characteristic in this scene can also be traced back in previous scenes where there is evidence showing her obedience. Juliet presented her obedience to her mother by stating that she will only love Paris if her parents give her their consent. however, in the current situation Juliet seems to be forgetting Paris asking for her hand in marriage and her sayings to her mother, now she has exited them thoughts and ideas for new ones. Currently Juliet has accepted Romeos affection towards her and seems to be overwhelmed by it. Obedience is still roaming in her characteristics but not towards her parents instead it is towards Romeo.It is interesting to note that Shakesp eare formatted Romeo and Juliets first meeting in the form of a sonnet. Sonnets are of Shakespeares own creation, he invented this form of literature for a purpose. The ultimate significance of sonnets is that its purpose was originally used as a piece of writing demonstrating a theme of romance and love. In this case, where Romeo has met Juliet for the first time, the use of a sonnet seems necessary to emphasize the strong romantic bond between them.Shakespeare has cleverly devised a religious concept, which is the theme of the conversation between Romeo and Juliet, calling her a Shrine and reference of her as a Saint. The choices of words show how Romeo feels towards Juliets beauty. Romeo sees eh beauty and ranks her as a shrine. In Romeos point of view, Juliet seems abnormal to him, because her facial features are described as bright. In a religious idea, a shrine would be a sacred monument that holds an important sector in a followers life, also would be portrayed as something h oly. This is exactly what Romeo is trying to show Juliet that he feels that she can be associated to a shrine because of her beauty that has attracted Romeo.This religious imagery is then continued then continued by Juliet. Juliet, in her response to Romeo calls him a pilgrim. Significantly, a pilgrim is the one who prays or does religious activities at a holy shrine. So when Juliet says: Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, she is relating to what Romeo called her, showing her desire to align herself with him. Shakespeares use of religious imagery was for Romeo to use double meaning in order to gain what he wanted. This is a sacrilegious sonnet in which Juliet is a saint or shrine that is to be kissed by Romeo who is a pilgrim. This also relates to the actual fact that Romeo mean pilgrim in Italian and the play is set in Verona.Romeo and Juliets first meeting has been dramatised by Shakespeare in a remarkable way. The reason for its significance is that Juliet has been en gaged at this party. However, she meets Romeo, who swiftly gives up all emotions towards Rosaline and at the party he has revealed his feelings for Juliet. At the end of the party, both Romeo and Juliet have been touched emotionally by each other.The audience already have full knowledge about the hatred and conflicts between Romeos family and Juliets family. Despite the concern of a violent incident, the young Montague still decide to attend the Capulet party that has been invited to all except the Montague family. Romeo being amongst the group has been noticed by Juliets cousin Tybalt: This, by his voice, should be a Montague. Tybalt informs his uncle Capulet about the sighting of Romeo. Much to his surprise, Capulet does not give his permission to Tybalt to do anything to Romeo because this would embarrass Capulet in the presence of his guests: Youll not endure him! God shall mend my soul! Youll make a mutiny among my guests! Shakespeare has made the first meeting of Romeo and Jul iet very dramatic according its circumstances. Romeo is full aware that if he and his fellow friends are noticed they may be killed. However, Romeo still takes the risk, he does not seem too worried, this ultimately exposes his sense of immaturity.After all guests have left, Romeo decides to head back to see Juliet again. So he walked through the Capulet orchard and eventually finds Juliet up on a balcony. Romeo talks to himself about Juliet, and Juliet is unaware of his presence. When Romeo sees Juliet again he says: But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?, It is the east, and Juliet is the sun, Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon. Romeo then invokes the darkness or the night as a type of safeguard from harm: I have nights cloak to hide me from their eyes. This conflict between darkness and light or day and night will not end until the disarray of the day in due course overcomes the passionate nights and ultimately this finishes the lives of both lovers.This also demonstrates Romeos metaphoric use of imagery of the cosmos. In one of the quotes above, Romeo is saying that Juliet is the sun and she should kill the moon that is jealous because of Juliets beauty. Personification is also present in that quote, because in reality the moon will not be able to feel jealousy. Romeo has always compared Rosaline to the moon and now that he is in love with Juliet he believes his love for Juliet has outshone the love that he had for Rosaline. This could have referred to Greek mythology because Romeo later says: Be not her maid, since she is envious: Her vestal livery and none but fools wear it; cast if off. Romeo is suggesting that Juliet should no longer worship the Greek god and lose her virginity to him. This reveals his inner thoughts and showing his impulsiveness.Romeo also states that Juliet is his love: It is my lady, O, it is my love! an example of a hyperbole that is used by Romeo is when he says: Two of the fairest stars in all the heavens havi ng some business, do entreat her eyes to twinkle in their spheres till they return. Romeo is describing Juliets eyes as being so bright that they are like start n the night sky. Romeo also says that he wishes that he were a glove on Juliets hand so he can feel her cheek: O, that! Were a glove upon that hand, that o might touch that cheek! so far the audience has witnessed Romeos inner thoughts. Romeo also exposes his sexual desire to make love to Juliet. Romeo begins to present evidence of growing maturity in this scene of the balcony. His speeches that he is saying to himself are now in blank verse relatively different from the rhythmic iambic pentameter apparent in his earlier sonnets and couplets. Romeo is no longer the miserable that was shown in several accounts in Act 1. Up to this point; Romeo has articulated his feelings in a traditional and idiomatic style.Juliet discovers that Romeo is a Montague and if Juliet falls in love with him, this case will certainly coincide with the disapproval from both their parents and families. However, Juliet is not troubled by this. Juliet is talking to herself in the balcony unaware of Romeo listening to her: O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny they father and refuse thy name; or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, and Ill no longer be a Capulet. Juliet is saying that she is prepared to throw away her family name just to be with Romeo. Hearing this, Romeo is fully assured that Juliet has feelings for him, he hesitates to make the decision of carrying on listening to her or to talk to her: Shall, I hear more, or shall I speak at this? Juliet feels that it does not matter what Romeos name is, all that matters is that he is still the same person: Whats in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.Juliet soon discovers Romeo has heard what she was saying: What man art thou that thus bescreend in night so stumblest on my counsel. Juliet is shocked when confronted by Romeo. Ro meo says that his name is like an enemy to him: My name, dear saint, is hateful to myself, because is an enemy to thee. Notice that Romeo is referring back to their first meeting: dear saint. Romeo is so desperate to win Juliets heart that he is willing to fulfil Juliets satisfaction and throw away his name. Juliet tells Romeo that if he were to be caught climbing over the Capulet walls he would be killed, Romeo immaturely replies: For string limits cannot hold love out Therefore the kinsmen are not let to me.Romeo behaves in a sweet manor towards Juliet: Alack, there lies more peril in thine eye than twenty of their swords. Romeo is telling Juliet that is she was to look at him harshly that would be more painful than someone coming to him with a sword. Romeo thinks Juliet as being his possession: I would adventure for some merchandise, Romeo sees love as an adventure. Juliet is obviously impressed by the romantic language used by Romeo: Thou knowst the mask of night is on my face, else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheeks. Juliet discloses to Romeo that is it was not dark he would be able to see Juliets face. Juliet asks Romeo if he loves her: Dost thou love me? instead of hearing a response from Romeo,Juliet predicts his response: I know thou wilt say Ay and I will take thy word: yet if thou swearst thou mayst prove false, Juliet tells Romeo that she knows he will reply yes to her question, however, she did not let him give his reply because she is nervous that he will say no. Juliet also informs Romeo that she is not easily won: If thou dost love, pronounce it faithfully or if thou thinkst I am too quickly won.Romeo is left in a slight dilemma: O, wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied? Romeo asks Juliet if she is going to leave him unsatisfied. Juliet got an impression that he wants to do something physical with her: What satisfaction canst thou have tonight? Juliet tells Romeo that in no circumstances will there be any physical activities going on between th em. Without any delay Romeo makes a proposal to her: The exchange of thy loves faithful vow for mine. Juliet happily informs that she has already given her consent before his proposal: I gave thee mine before thou didst request it. On the night of Juliets engagement to Paris, she has given her consent to the proposal for marriage from Romeo. In the matter of only the first day of Romeo and Juliets meeting, they have already exchanged vows. This shows how quickly their relationship has progressed.Romeos attitude to love is that he feels it is an adventure. Romeo, without any hesitation has taken the burden of marriage at an inexperienced age and with an inexperienced 13 year old. He seems to not understand the fundamental aspects of love, he makes situations more chaotic. He has fallen into love with someone on the day they met and on that very same he asks her to get married. Whereas, on the other hand we have Juliet, who sees love as something that develops and progresses over time : This bud of love, by summers ripening breath, may prove a beauteous flower when next we meet. She is saying that she sees love as a flower that will blossom beautifully over time. Ironically, flowers die in the end and the dramatic irony in this is that they both die in the end. Juliet also uses an epithet when she says: sweet Montague.The dynamic of Romeo and Juliets relationship has changed too, Juliet feels more confident. Juliet is obviously overwhelmed because Romeo has displayed his sincerity by declaring a marriage proposal and exchange vows. The evidence that proves that Juliet has more confidence and she has taken over control in the following quote: Thy purpose marriage, send me word tomorrow, by on that Ill proceed to come to thee, where and what time thou wilt perform the rite. This is an open display of how the dynamic of their relationship of their relationship has changed. Juliet organises the marriage, she also proposes that they should get married tomorrow. Juliet asks Romeo what time they will get married tomorrow, he replies: At the hour of nine. She responds to this by saying: I will not fail: tis twenty years till then. She uses extreme exaggeration; this is an example a hyperbole.Juliets character has evolved from what she was in the opening scenes. She is more confident in making her own decisions and is no longer obedient toward her parents. Romeo has left his old self where he was melodramatic, but he would have been over exaggerating if Juliet too did not did not approve of his emotions. However, Romeo has revealed his impulsive nature when he asked Juliet for hand in marriage on the night of their meeting.Over Acts 1 and 2 the audience have witnessed vast changes in Romeo and Juliets character. We have seen how Juliet and Romeos character has evolved and we can conclude that the couple make a dangerous combination. The reasons for this is that Romeo will proceed into great lengths to satisfy hi inner desire and Juliet is in illusio n by Romeos choice of language and romantic nature. Eventually the couple will lead to their own destruction because of their tragic deaths in the final scene. Because of the fact that they are young and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, they do not have the sufficient knowledge and experience and this also results in their death. Shakespeare has devised this play script in a unique way; his message is to show how young love without any experience may conclude in a tragedy. He has displayed how the individual characteristics of two lovers and their attitude to love can demolish their lives.

Blackberry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Blackberry - Essay Example The Blackberry cellphone brand as a variety of designs which rage from QWERTY keyboard cellphones to virtual keyboard and multi-touch screens. Blackberry has approximately 3% of the cellphone market share and is ranked number 6 in terms of popularity in the mobile phone market. The Blackberry phone also has numerous other features however, the main target audience are the business sector. It provides people in business with the ultimate package in order to efficiently perform their duties. The paper will further analyze the the mission statement of the company and its vision and goals. It will also give a more detailed description of the products and services that are provided by the company and the financial strategies it implements in order to gain an advantage in the smart-phone market. The goals of the company are centered around the efficient provision of innovative solutions for global communication using mobile phones. This also involves the creation of software that further i mproves other cellphone features such as emailing, media, internet browsing and other applications. The numerous research and development programs that are carried out by the company clearly show the its goals to constantly improve and provide the people with better services. Mission Statement The mission statement continues to be the company's guideline in business. It is similar to that of its founding company RIM, which is to develop integrated software, hardware and services that facilitate for numerous networks and provide solutions and platforms for limitless access to urgent matters using features such as text messaging, internet based applications, phone calls, emails and internet (Daidj, 2013, 20). This mission statement aims to guide the company with its vision to be the leading designer, marketer and manufacturer of innovative wireless solutions for global cellphone communication (Daidj, 2013, 20). Company Overview Research In Motion, one of the leaders in wireless techno logy and innovation changed the mobile industry when it introduced Blackberry in the year 1999. From the time of its release Blackberry has continued to benefit numerous individuals and change the way in which they communicate. The global headquarters of the company is located in Canada, Ontario, Waterloo, and the company has offices in Asia-Pacific, North America and Europe. The company was founded by Mike Larzaridis, an its current President and CEO is Thorsten Heins (Daidj, 2013, 20). It recently changed its name in February 2013, and now trades under BBRY on the NASDAQ Stock Market and BB on the Toronto Stock Market (Daidj, 2013, 20). Products and Services Blackberry offers a wide array of products and services that are specifically suited for each customer's needs and requirements. These products consists of smart-phones and tablets (Blackberry, 2013). The company has a wide range of smart-phones that have continued to change in order to suit people's needs in terms of technolo gy and style. The software has also changed in the phones and tablets with the latest operating system being Blackberry 10. The latest cellphone also has 4G LTE network, 4.2† camera, dual core 1.5 processor along with other cellphone features. The latest Blackberry tablet is the Blackberry playbook which runs under Blackberry Playbook OS (Blackberry, 2013). Strategy Blackberry has always been one of the leading providers of mobile phones and enjoyed success and rising share prices over the years. However, the company

Analysis of When I Was a Boy in China Research Paper

Analysis of When I Was a Boy in China - Research Paper Example Education equips people with understanding of the various phenomena affecting people. It is the foundation of all discoveries. Education enables people to think and reason from their vicinity, removing ignorance from the people. It thus enables people to think about the future more, especially specialists in various areas. Just like Sinha points out, education is essential for long term planning and prediction. It may take long for education to transform the economy, although its effects are long term. Lee and his friends were sent to America for fifteen years to receive education, and would latter return, fully equipped with knowledge and skills to transform the Chinese country and the general economy. Through this, evidence of the contributions of education to the transformation the world economy is seen. Long term plans are possible with education. The differences between the Chinese people and the Americans during Lee’s time were significant, especially in terms of civilization. By then, a very few Chinese people could read or write, with the educated ones having designated jobs. His uncle for example, lived a good life and had a good job working in an American firm due to his education. He was part of the few citizens who contributed to the economic development of the country. In Lee’s view, the civilized people dressed weird, spoke in funny languages, and behaved in a funny manner. This showed the level of un-civilization among the Chinese, a reason why they could not communicate directly with the Europeans. However, with the acquisition of formal education, they were in a position to communicate efficiently with the Americans, giving them an opportunity to easily and efficiently interact with them. The interaction would then enable them discuss economically and politically oriented ideas. This is a key contribution of the formal education to the country and the world general Lee (1877). Regardless the willingness of the

How motivation theories help elicit effort from employees

How motivation theories help elicit effort from employees For a company to successfully run, company should come up with creative ideas and high efficiency of the work, and to do that, a firm should be able to motivate each worker of the firm to elicit each of their discretionary effort. It is because, it directly links with the total wage spending of the company which should be linked to outcome and cost of monitoring effort and considering all of those making employees willing to work will result in greater efficiency of the company. Employees are the core or the main body of all the production of product and service. So how can a company which does not even satisfy their own workers will possibly satisfy the customers with high quality product and service?() Therefore, there is an idea weighing on the management style of of the workers, by the workers, for the workers'(). Following to above management style, manager of big companies are developing or considering variety motivating techniques and motivation theories. So firms not only needs deal fast with each of their own fast-changing environment but also concentrate to create best working condition for the workers to maximize motivation. Like firms mentioned above with motivation, they are nimble to listen to the claims of the employees. They apply techniques like project team-work, performance-linked pay and incentives to reach perfect inner-service to the workers. So, like above, there is gaining importance of giving motivation to workers. In this essay, I will search and study theories of motivation and look in to detail of successful firm Nokia and analyze this firm by doing it so, I would like to find out the meaning of motivation and how well those managers of Nokia have elicited discretionary effort from workers for the company. Theory Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory Most famous is Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. He believed that there is 5 level of hierarchy of needs exist within human nature. (A.H. Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review 50(4) (1943):370-96) Physiological Needs It is simply most basic needs for human to survive. Things like needs of oxygen for breathe, fulfillment of hunger, thirst, sex and sleep. They are the biological needs which are most essential, it comes front of all the desires that human would want. Safety Needs When physiological needs are fulfilled, the needs of security are followed. Human should fill sense of safety of their own health, employment, property and resources. Those factors make them feeling safe. Needs of Love/Belonging Human is social animal, when the front two needs are filled, third need can become dominant. Human nature always seeks for the sense of belonging and love/friendship. Maslow describes people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation (Maslow, Abraham (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper). Needs for Esteem When the first three needs reach to satisfactory level, the needs for esteem can become next. It is like self-esteem and respect from others. When these self-esteem and respect is gratified, the person feels confident and valuable as a part of person in a society. Deficiency of those needs would make a person feels weak, inferior and nothing. Needs for Self-Actualization When each level of foregoing needs is fully satisfied, then the last level of needs self-actualization is activated. According to Maslow, self-actualization is what a persons need to be what they are born to do. There is a famous quote by Maslow, Abraham H. A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if they are to be ultimately at peace with themselves. These needs make people to feel progressing, reach-potential and self-fulfillment. (Psychology The Search for Understanding by Janet A. Simons, Donald B. Irwin and Beverly A. Drinnien West Publishing Company, New York, 1987) By observing hierarchy of needs, each level tends to be satisfied to progress on next level of hierarchy. However, from the point of giving motivation view, none of those desires or needs could not been perfectly satisfied. Maslow theory describes that somehow-satisfied need could not stimulate the people any longer. >> How hierarchy of needs Theory could be used in management According to Maslow, if someone wants to motivate somebody, there is a need of understanding what that specific person wants and find out where his or her need is located in hierarchy of needs and provide the upper level of hierarchy. Adamss Equity Theory Adams, J.S. 1965. Inequity in social exchange. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. An individual always do compare himself to others. Lets say, an individual got offer of 2500 pound per month and he thinks it is very good deal and took the job, he will do his job with passion and he will be satisfied with his work. However, if someone else or his acquaintance gets the same job with 3000 pounds with same as his ability/work time/contribution, probably he will not be happy about his earning and job. Even if he was satisfied with his earnings in the beginning, as soon as he feels that its not fair or equal treatment, the matter that he gets good paid it will not consider him much, but rather obsessed with others payment. The problem is that individual starts to think comparatively and starts to believe it is not fair. An individual always compare within his mind and think about the effort he put in and the reward. By doing so, if an individual thinks that he is not fairly treated, the input effort will be directly affected (demotivated). Above examples idea is called Equity Theory and it was developed by Stacey Adams in 1965. It is simply, an individual comparing his input-reward and others input-reward proportion. For an employee to compare himself in equity theory, the referent is important variable. There are three types of referent system, self and other. For system, the referent is the system of individuals belonged organization. Individual will take wage structures, wage policy and decision-making process into the consideration. Also, organization will need to make important decision with organizations system to an individual as a comparison to others. Putting self as a comparison referent, result ration of input will be referenced to individual. This is reflected by ones experience or standard wage or family maintenance-need allowance. Equity theory is not only interested in absolute reward, it also has interest in others reward. An individual do compare others input-reward, founding on effort, experience, education, and ability over their wage level, promotion and recognition. If an individual feels unfair and inequitable over reward ration of input, this feeling will make him/her to experience tension. This tension will continually provide motivation until he/she is treated in equity to him. >> How Equity Theory could be used in management Monthly paid employees will enhance quality and quantity to feel the fairness with tension and increase input factor for fair wage proportion. When compensation is made with Production quantity, over-rewarded worker will have lower quality but higher quantity just to increase their income. However, an individual who receive payment founding on price ratio will increase in effort to accomplish fairness and this will lead to increase in quantity and quality. But, this might result in excess payment and unfairness. Therefore, managers should direct employees to enhancing in quality rather than quantity. Also motivation is influenced by not only absolute reward but also relative reward. Each time when employee feels that s/he is unfairly treated, it will follow an action to fix about that inequity, like improved or diminished productivity or quality, absence and turnover. Therefore, it is most important factor to make employees to feel in equity in equity theory. >> Vrooms expectancy theory Most comprehensive explanation about motivation is performed within Victer Vrooms Expectancy Theory. Expectancy theory is well described by Montana (Montana Patrick J; Charnov, Bruce H, Management 4th edition; (2008) Barrons Educational Series, Inc.), This theory emphasizes the needs for organizations to relate rewards directly to performance and to ensure that the rewards provided are those rewards deserved and wanted by the recipients. The expectancy theory suggest that action is followed the expectation from the result and the amount of effort is decided by how attractive the result is to an individual himself. Below, there are three linkages with this theory. Effort-performance linkage: Possibility of reward expected by putting certain amount of effort. Performance-reward linkage: Beliefs which expect right reward will be given by doing certain level of performance. Attractiveness: a persons target and desire of potential result or reward which could be obtained by doing his job successfully. All explanations seem similar, but simply there are three points. First, how much an individual should work for certain level of outcome and whether that outcome is possibly achieved. Second, what will be the reward for doing such work? Third, how attractive the reward is from the effort of doing such work and how does this job help with goal achievement? à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ « Applying Expectancy Theory How Expectancy Theory could be applied? For to link with motivation, I will example myself and try to find out how this theory used. Most of students have preference on professors or lecturer expecting for something that they would like to learn from the course unit. They would like to know when the exam will be, what kind of assignment they need to do and how much percentage will be taken to get maximum grade or how much amount of time will going to be needed, and think logically about whether this course is linked with what they need. Lets say that I feel in the way above. I liked this course unit and worked really hard to get good mark on this essay. I have prepared for long time for this and believed that this will be helpful when I graduate and get good job or get into master course. Then, result came out, my average score of all the course units were 72 percent, however, this specific course was 41 percent. And I got angry and frustrated. Like other assignments, I prepared exact amount of time and put effort, but how could only this specific unit gets such a low score? From here there will be some interesting facts will be coming out. Suddenly, he (I, from others perspective from now on) will be constantly missing this unit course lecture and do not revise. Even if he attends the lecture concentration for this course is hugely dropped. So, we could say that his motivation is lacking with the related subject. Why did he change? To explain this using motivation theory term; At the beginning, the merit of good grade (Effort-performance linkage) was high. However, the result was not good (Performance-reward linkage). In other words, if the assignment was fairly graded based on what he did and got good score, the Performance-reward linkage is satisfied and it would have motivated him more. However, if he is demotivated, it is from his belief that his knowledge was not incongruous with fair grading system. >> How Expectancy Theory could be used in management First, Expectancy Theory emphasizes on pay and reward. As a result, organization should believe that employees also want the same reward and compensate. This kind of perspective is from egoism that an employee pursuit expected-satisfaction to be maximized. So that manager needs to try to fulfill that expected-satisfaction wisely. Second, theory points up understanding of attractiveness by the workers. Employees will want to be treated reasonably with positive result/target/outcome they expected. Therefore, the firm should try to satisfy employees attractiveness. Third, theory highlights on expected performance. Does an individual understands what is expected on s/he and how could it be compensated. If workers do not grasp the point of this relation, the ultimate goal of organization will be never met. So, this is essential to make both manager and workers to understand clear of performance-reward relation. Last, theory relates with perception. No matter what actually happens, a persons perception decides level of effort according from not objective result but from performance, reward and goal achievement. Therefore, there is a need for continuous feedback to match the reality and perception of workers. Case Study  ¿Ã‚ ­ What is Nokia? Nokia is a Finnish multinational network corporation is headquartered in Keilaniemi, Espoo (Nokia in brief (2007) (PDF). Nokia Corporation. March 2008.) Nokias main industry is in the manufacturing of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communications industries, with 128,445 employees in 120 countries, sales in more than 150 countries and global annual revenue of EUR 50.7 billion and operating profit of 5.0 billion in 2008. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones: its global device market share is approximately 38% in 2009, (Q3 2009: Quarterly and annual information. Nokia Corporation. 2009-10-15) The Nokia brand, valued at $34.9 billion, is listed as the fifth most valuable global brand in the BusinessWeek, Best Global Brands list of 2009 (first in non-US Company). It is the number one brand in Asia (as of 2007) and Europe. Also Nokia is the 42nd most admirable company worldwide in Fortunes Worlds Most Admired Companies list of 2009, and the worlds 85th largest company as measured by revenue in Fortune Global 500 list of 2009. (Fortune Global 500 2009. Fortune. 2009-07-14.) Nokias Case study for motivation Incentive Program  ¿Ã‚ ­ Monetary Incentives: work performance wage structure, Global bonus plan (when profit exceeded 20%, 5% cash payback), production and researchers incentives.  ¿Ã‚ ­ Non-monetary performance bonus system and Complete and Fair Assessment Nokia motivates employees by providing rewards according to their performance. However, its hard to see that they only motivated people with monetary returns, Non-monetary performance bonus system also help to motivate workers. Things like promotions and possibility to self-development will help and also a clear and fair system for this is needed. Nokia is not in seniority system, there was a case 34 years old man became vice president by his ability. Nokia tried to achieve highest level of work satisfaction. 2. Empowerment organization  ¿Ã‚ ­ Allowing autonomy, leads to motivation Bureaucratic chain of command provides high efficiency, but this has disadvantage of blocking creative ideas coming up from bottom line of workers. And this is one of the factors blocking motivation. Exampling Nokia, they allow significant amount of autonomous decision to workers. This provides sense of belonging to a company and people feel that they are taking part for companys profit. This leads to motivation of workers due to Maslows hierarchy of needs theory (sense of belonging). Case: Nokia immediately supported 6,000,000 dollars for the marketing for Pacific-Asia market as they received idea of competition going harsh in China. 3. Project manager system Technology, marketing, production and salesman unites as one team and work for 1-2 years for specific project and managers for the project are empowered like chairman in that specific project; this stimulates workers as it has venture business attributes. Nokia has number of small projects teams. Those groups decide everything like estimated budgets too. This gives power to agilely response to market changes. 4. Human resource development program Providing self-developing opportunities to employees / Maximizing self-development and self-actualization at work Human resource is crucial factor for economical production in industry f like Nokia with high knowledge and technology. Competitive power is human resources. Modern employees tend to think a company as not only place for earning-money but also as place for self-actualization. Therefore, a company with no self-development lacks power to attract more human resources (Attractiveness, Vrooms expectancy theory). So, firms should provide more opportunities and sense of duty of the company like Nokias human resource development program.(In Nokia, they value employees through 180 inspections list, helps to find out each workers adaptation-skill and decision-making skills in five levels. By doing so, it tells what that employee needs in specific details and gives job according to it and provide staff training service) and they also provided for experience improvement program by going around world branches. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ » Based on Nokias motivation system, 19% of market share in mobile technology in 1999, increased up to 35% in 2001. Also, total sales were increased 48% leaving total profit 56% higher. Matthew J. (1996), à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’Future management (à «Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ «Ã… ¾Ã‹Å"à ªÃ‚ ²Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¬Ã‹Å" ) 11à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Dae-kyung publishing company. Nokia homepage http://www.nokia.com à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’Analyzing Nokias successà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  From www.hunet.co.kr Conclusion Managers tend to think that talented-employees turnover is cause by higher financial reward from other company. However, many of employees turnover reasons are like vision-realization, challenging to new work, harmony of both life and work, higher opportunity of recognition and flexibility of culture and organization. These kinds of reasons suggest that motivation is not only from financial issues but also from Non-monetary issues like mentioned above. I believe what employees consider most is winning recognition from their bosses about work-performance. If this is not done, its evitable to demotivate workers. In this contrast, Nokia has well understood workers, with fair assessment; they have suggested sense of duty to their workers for the company and made them feel as important part of Nokia. As conclusion Nokia got grater profit and it can be said that Nokia has successfully motivated their employees. Those kinds of techniques of motivation are all founded from the theories of Ma slow, Adams and Vroom and Nokia successfully adopted in reality.

Tiberius and gaius gracchus

Tuberous and Gauss Gracious When Tuberous and Gallus Gracious became an authority, Rome was no longer a Republic, being controlled by the nobles throughout the empire. A reformation was desperately needed. But who would lead it? Tuberous Gracious would, a man of noble blood. Also, being the Great Nephew of the remarkable general, Gossip Africans, and the son of a noble Censor, he would have an influence and great effect upon the people of Rome and the world.Throughout the lives of Tuberous and Gauss Gracious, the Karachi brothers brought In many ideas that changed Rome and future enervation. At the time, Rome had been corrupt; enough that It would even affect the military itself. Rome was at constant war and the people of Italy were being drafted into the armies of the Roman Empire. To have war, one must have men. The drafting of men was quite common at the time considering that a large mass of men was needed to convey the actions of Rome. If one was to serve in the army, one must ha ve owned land.When the men had left to war, which would watch over their land or run their farms? The Nobles took this Law to their advantage by acquiring the land of the oldie's enlisted in the armies of Rome. When soldiers returned home, they had nothing. A man of great influence was needed, one with a background of great authority and noble blood; to lead the reformation of a corrupt and unbalanced Roman Society. But to lead the revolution, one must take authority while not being seen as a king; which the Romans absolutely despised. Land being acquired by noble men was making many homeless and shifted the Roman economy.A boundary was clearly made between the upper class and the lower classes; the power was no longer in the hands of the people but in the hands of the nobles. As the country continued its downfall â€Å"thoughtful Romans began to realize the need to attempt some alleviation of the economic Those in high positions saw the corruption throughout the empire that would eventually drive Rome into the ground. The Illegal actions throughout the empire did not go unseen; though few realized the situation, which Included the leader of the Revolution, Tuberous Semipro's Gracious.The goal of the revolution was to reform the land laws of Rome, creating a once again stable society and economy. Tuberous Gracious â€Å"a noble tribune in an influential position† (Plutarch) had a task of reorganizing and stabilizing the Roman economy. Everything was continuing to be affected because of the loss of land experienced by the Roman peoples; and something needed to be done. A bill by Tuberous Gracious would be the first step Into the reformation. It was called the Leg Grain, a bill that put a limit on the acres that one could own.Which helped soldiers gain their land back and to provide homes for returning war veterans. This bill was absolutely necessary and if shut down; Rome would continue to downfall. Many said if only because it affected Romeos Military strength†(Richardson). The armies were having shortages of men; because almost none owned land due to the noble theft of property. To have an army, men must be a well-supplied resource. If an army Is conquer. Therefore, by creating stable economy, Rome would not only strengthen its military, but alleviate its struggling economy.After taking veto after veto by the tribune, Marcus Octavo's, the senate was sidestepped and defeated by a popular vote. His reformations were carried out and funded by the government of Rome; his influences upon many were broad. According to Plutarch, Octavo's himself was a possessor of a large amount of public land and was thus liable to the provisions of the Leg Grain† (Richardson). Many of the senators were bound to this law and were affected by it, and hatred for Tuberous was brewing in the hearts of many.His reformations would have to be passed on to his younger sibling after the physical outrage of the Senate and the death of Tuberous Compr omise Gracious himself. His reformations were broadly welcomed by those of the middle and lower classes but hated by those of noble families, land was distributed and Rome was slowly turning to a stable economic situation. In the Event of the death of the political leader, Tuberous Gracious, of the reformation, Gauss Gracious took over the cause of the once living Tuberous Gracious.Having a partial failure, Tuberous Gracious' currently unsuccessful operation due to the political biases against him and his reformation, â€Å"failure is in itself no sign of lack of spirit and ability' (Riddle). The idea of equality and reformation was in the air, and the reformation had been far from over. Gauss Gracious; being the younger brother of Tuberous Gracious had been a strong supporter of him and had a good political aground making him the best fit to take charge in the reformation. Continuing in the reformation â€Å"Gauss then turned to further economic reform. He re-enacted his brother' s Agrarian Bill (Seculars, 32). He had the bill of his brother enforced throughout Italy and â€Å"much of the land available had no doubt been distributed by this time, Gauss supplemented this bill with a plan to establish some colonies in Italy, some were to come from the lower and middle classes in order to provide some capital for the promotion of industries in the colonies† (Seculars 33). † Gauss had a Lana to raise the status by establishing a system that would uplift the Republic and create an idea of fairness and equality in Rome. Using the Bill of his brother Tuberous, Gauss was able to bring ideas into Rome that would change it for the better.Taking position of Tribune in the Senate (like Tuberous before him) Gauss was considerably more successful than his brother Tuberous by gaining the support of the equestrian class and many high political leaders. Gauss had brought forward the ideas of citizenship for all Italians, economic competition, continuation of lan d reformations, an age limit for those to be drafted in the army, topping Judicial bribery, expanding Francine to the Latinist, and slowly began to give power back to the people. But many of these ideas were vulnerable from the attack of senators, which opposed the Karachi. During Gauss' second tribune the senate at last moved to the attack but at first by an indirect method (Seculars, 35). Another Tribune sent by the Senate had the assignment of winning over the supporters of Gauss through attractive proposals. â€Å"Gauss' position simply was to be undermined by others and his ideas shut down† (Seculars, 35). Gauss went through the same trials and fire that his brother had to endure. Through the deaths of other consuls and threats of Gauss' life his ideas still remained and were recognized by the people of decrease in popularity and support. The Karachi was in true sense martyrs: they had witnessed to their belief in the need for reform and they had suffered for their faith † (Seculars, 37). † The two men; Tuberous and Gauss Gracious had brought in ideas that had not only shaped the Republic, but took the dominant power out of the hands of the Senate and put it back in the hands of the people. At least this was a realization of what Rome truly was and why reformations were necessary and essential to the Roman Empire. Though problems were still within the armies and economy, the Karachi created a realization and example for the people of Rome to follow.The reality of the Karachi reformations were that they were short lived, for many of these laws and reformations only lasted for a short period of time and not throughout all of the Roman Empire. â€Å"The Karachi received some direct results, though many of the economic difficulties remained, they at least helped to relieve, those main problems in Rome† (Seculars, 38). The corrupt Roman Empire, suffering by economic and social decay, had alleviation by two Tribunes of the time, who was Tuberous and Gauss Gracious. Their reformations and ideas helped the people of Rome realize the corruption of Rome.The ideas and events of the time had been the sign of a great awakening. Though their relief of the economic and social conditions was short-lived, the dominant power no longer rested in the hands of the Senate as it once did, but now, in the hands of the people. Works cited Richardson, Keith. Daggers in the Forum: The Revolutionary Lives and Violent Deaths of the Gracious Brothers. London: Classes and Company Limited, 1976. Seculars, H. H. From the Karachi to Nero: A history of Room 133 B. C. To A. D. 68. London and New York: Methuen and Co.Ltd, 1959. Riddle, John. Tuberous Gracious: Destroyer or Reformer of the Republic. Massachusetts: D. C. Health and Company,1970. â€Å"When Tuberous and Gauss Gracious sought to establish the liberty of the common people and expose the crimes of the oligarchs, the guilty nobles took fright and opposed their proceedings by every me ans at their disposal† – Cicero. The Karachi brothers were clearly well intentioned men who had the interests of Rome at heart, instead of their own, which was a common attitude amongst the other senators.The reforms of the Karachi were long over-due and their programs were genuine attempts to deal with Romeos problems. During the Graphics existence, Rome was facing a number of social, selfishness of the oligarchy and so adopted methods which threatened the balance between the senate, the magistrates and the people which had existed for a very long time – in this way they can be regarded as revolutionary. It is likely that they interpreted the problems far too simply, and they failed to see Thurman society had changed.The Senate also failed to see these changes and reacted to the Graphics actions in the only way they could – violence. The senate felt threatened by the Graphics methods, and as a result violence was used for the first time in Roman politics. In order to understand why the Karachi attempted to solve these problems, one must examine the circumstances of Rome at the time, as well as the background of the two brothers. After the Second Punic War, the Senate became the supreme power and as a result, many changes occurred throughout Rome.Most notably, the ruling Oligarchy (specifically the nobles) abused their power, caring more for their own eternal interests and Gloria than the welfare of the republic. As a result major problems occurred throughout Rome. Serious economic social problems occurred, both rural and urban, causing grave distress among many Roman citizens. There was a military crisis, with lack of eligible recruits for the legions, aggravated by the Spanish and Sicilian wars. There was tension in the oligarchy between leading factions (Claudia / Compression and the Copies) as they struggled for political superiority.And amongst all these problems was the failure of the ruling nobility within the senate to deal w ith these problems. In order to determine the significance of both Karachi, one must examine both Tuberous' and Gauss' actions and the effects they had at the time. In 133, Tuberous Gracious attempted to solve Romeos problems, specifically the land crisis. He introduced the Leg Agrarian, a bill for land reform, which proposed that a commission of three people should allocate small holdings of land owned by the state (eager publics) to landless citizens.The bill was met with great controversy, however, it wasn't the content of the bill that provoked the reaction, rather the means with which it was proposed. As Stockton notes â€Å"It ceased to be a struggle about the rights and wrongs of a particular land bill and became a fundamental question about the true nature of Roman politics†. Tuberous met great opposition to the bill itself because the ruling Nobles were those benefiting the most from the current situation. Therefore, Tuberous used his tribune in an unprecedented mann er, and in proposing his bill, bypassed the senate going directly to the continuum plebes.Whilst technically legal, this action threatened the senate's guitarists and dignities, and their superiority with regards to legislation and matters concerning the state. Tuberous also went further in his provocation of the senate by deposing Octavo's after the senate attempted to use Octavo's to veto Tuberous' land bill. Again, Tuberous was perfectly within legal constraints, claiming that since the Job of a tribune was to represent the people, he had done nothing illegal, and was Justified in deposing Octavo's because Tuberous believes he failed to do so.Previously, Tribunes such as which Tuberous proposed his bill (as well as Gauss' services), it became possible to use tribunes as instruments of change, undermining the traditional powers of the senate s well as providing potential for ambitious men to promote their own political careers. As Seculars notes, â€Å"the original function of th e tribunes had been to protect the people against patrician domination, but this need had long passed and they had become useful agents for the nobility, often using their veto to check the popular assemblies†.Whilst Tuberous was eventually killed by the senate before he could pass his three other revolutionary reforms, Tuberous was an incredibly powerful tribune, and as Cicero notes â€Å"was not a mere plaything of oligarchic government†. As stated y Cicero, â€Å"Tuberous Gracious shattered the stability of the state†. It is also important to note that Tuberous Gracious laid the groundwork for his brother Gauss to achieve considerable success. In the year 123, Gauss Gracious became tribune, and took over his brother's quest to solve the problems that plagued Rome at the time.However, Gauss learned from his brother's mistakes in releasing that in order to overcome the senate's opposition, he would have to gain far more support than his brother Tuberous did, app ealing to the classes of the equities, allies and plebs. Gauss was also a superb orator, which is articulacy pertinent in the example of his speech to the senate, where as Plutarch notes, â€Å"he roused the people's emotions with sentiments and he possessed a powerful voice and spoke with overwhelming conviction†.Gauss Gracious covered a broader area than his brother did, dealing with the subject of the Italian and Latin allies. Gauss attempted to further the Agrarian settlements initiated by Tuberous, to relieve the suffering of the urban unemployed and poor, to reduce the power of the ruling nobility and to resolve the increasing discontent of the Latin and Italian allies y offering them Roman citizenship. All the above-mentioned laws in one way or another, weakened or undermined the power of the senate.The harshest law in this respect was the Leg Cilia, which highlighted the Senate's corruption and incompetence. According to Plutarch the law â€Å"more than any other red uced the power of the senate† and formed the basis for the struggle over law courts which was to continue in future years. Gauss also introduced the Equestrian class as a third political force, which would further balance the government and weaken the power f the senate, and within ten years of the Graphics death they would ally themselves with either the senate or the people for their own political gain.Gauss also dealt with the increasing discontent of the Italian and Latin Allies by offering them Roman citizenship. This proposal was vetoed by Lives Drugs (a tribune who was used by the senate to outbid Gauss for the support of the people) and opposed by a large section of society; the Nobles feared that this would jeopardize their control of the assemblies, whilst the equities wanted to avoid giving any advantages to their Italian commercial rivals.Although this law ended up unsuccessful in the short term, the long term effects of this resulted in the Allies becoming more aw are of their rights which would then lead to a war in which the outcome had Latin and Italian Allies receiving Roman citizenship. Measures, the passing of the USC (senates consult ultimatum) which was the first time violence was officially used as a political weapon. This became the start of violence in Roman politics, being used more frequently by the senate when they had no other means to resort to, and would drastically change the nature of Roman politics for the years to come.After Tuberous' and Gauss' deaths, the consequences of their actions were still in effect, most notable in the example of Marcus and Usual. The lowering of property qualifications in Gauss' reforms led to the rise of a professional army creating a nexus between the land, army and the commander. Soldiers no longer became dependent on the state for land grants, but on their commander. This led to commanders such as Marcus and Usual commanding powerful armies with political weight.Marcus however can be conside red a better example as Marcus used the precedent set by the Karachi to initiate his own reforms, particularly once again awakening the hold of senatorial aristocracy on Roman politics. By examining the Karachi and their accomplishments, it becomes apparent that the Graphics most significant contribution to Rome was recognizing the flaws in the Republic, particularly the senate and its reliance on the notions of Moms Moratorium.The Karachi set out to expose these weaknesses, as well as attempting to solve many of Romeos largest problems, as a result of the senate's inactivity, selfishness and negligence. This resulted in the Senate's hostile reaction to the Karachi, which therefore allowed the Karachi to make revolutionary changes to the face of Roman elitist, as a direct and indirect result of their actions, including the notion of a tribune as an instrument of initiative and reform, and more importantly, the introduction of violence in Roman politics.

Is Del-Del by Victor Kelleher a Gripping Book? Essay

I do not think that Victor Kelleher is an exceptional thriller writer. However I do agree to the statement which says that â€Å"Del-Del grips like a vice and holds the reader taut, on a nerves edge, until the final page. Victor Kelleher is a very talented thriller writer, the technique where he drops small clues in the text as to a possible ending is one to be admired and his fantastic techniques which he uses is the best thing about Del-Del, Unfortunately Kelleher did not show his greatest work in this narrative. His technique where he dropped fake trails did not create anticipation like he had hoped for the reason that he overused this technique too much. The ending was also a tad lame and also would have perturbed the reader. We also found that the shifting of genre bewildered the reader and was too big a risk for such a small book. To keep the reader from becoming uninterested in the book, a good thriller author would drop various hints, or trails. These trails are usually a probable idea of what could be the ending, or in this case, the answer to Del-Del. As mentioned before, this will keep the reader interested in the book as they will be curious to find out if the ending is as they predicted. Examples of this in Del-Del are shown throughout the book and in all three sections. The main one in each section is when the family believes that Del-Del is what Sam leads them to be, meaning that the reader thinks this as well. For example in the first section, the reader thinks that Del-del is the beast possessing Sam’s body. In the second section, the reader thinks that Del-Del is an alien voyager and in the third section, the first half finds the reader thinking that Del-Del is the voyager and in the second part of the third section the reader finally discovers what Del-Del really is. As well as that in the first section Kelleher drops the hint that Del-Del is just Sam trying to expressing his feeling about Laura dying in page twenty seven when Hannah says what the psychiatrist said about Sam. Up to here, this is probably about as many false trails as is good for a book this size. Maybe even a little bit too much. Kelleher put far too many false trails. And the false trails outnumber the number of trails that lead to the right. In fact, the number of false trails compared to the number of right trails is about six to one, which is far too many. This can frustrate reader. So in conclusion while Kelleher is usually good at dropping false trails and hints, he overused it in this novel and the result was leaving the reader annoyed and possibly frustrated. One of the main things about a thriller book is suspense. Suspense is vital as without it the book would be just like every other action or horror book. Suspense also keeps the reader interested in the book. In this book Victor Kelleher creates suspense in a few ways. The main one is by leaving cliff-hangers at the end of each chapter. Each chapter finishes of with a short sentence with inconclusive information. This creates suspense because the short sentences never reveal what is going to happen next. The reader then becomes curious as what is going to happen next and this creates suspense. Examples of this technique are in; Section one, chapter eight: â€Å"And this time she wasn’t alone†, section two, chapter three: â€Å"Into the time of waiting† and in section three, chapter four: â€Å"Back in my own room I lay awake for some time, listening uneasily to the many noises of the night. † Another technique used to create suspense was telling the story from a first person point of view. The book is told from Beth’s (Sam’s older sister) point of view. â€Å"Beth† does not reveal everything at the start, she plays at out like a recount or a diary, saying things as she was experiencing them without revealing the end. This relates to suspense because the reader will obviously want to know the ending. This opens up another technique for suspense because, as mentioned above, Kelleher attempted to drop false trails to keep the reader guessing. Example of this is in page 27 when Mum reveals the ‘shrink’s’ report. Kelleher convinces the reader that this is unimportant by having Desmond blow up over it. As Beth thinks that this is unimportant, so does the reader. Kelleher uses 1st person storytelling to create suspense by having Beth mislead by circumstance and therefore the reader as well. So here, the author did a very good job when he put suspense in his novel. Suspense was the best part of the novel. As mentioned before, the author dropped a lot of hints and false trails too keep the author guessing. Kelleher also used a lot of suspense in his novel. So with all of this suspense one would hope for a fantastic and overwhelming ending. However this was far from the case. The ending was similar to the classic â€Å"And then he woke up from the dream† type ending. If one of those came up in a book, I am sure this would infuriate the reader. This was remarkably similar. All it was is Sam trying to show his feelings about Laura dying. This was rather lame and many of the readers would have found this annoying and maddening. Another negative was that Kelleher decided to take a risk with this book and changed the genres twice in the book. The first section, which showed the beast and his rants, was a bit of a thriller horror genre. Then in the second section it changed to a thriller/sci-fi genre. And in the third section, it became a psychological thriller genre. For a large book this would be a successful way to create suspense. However when a small book like Del-Del (195 pages) changes genre twice, it tends to confuse the reader. They will be confused as to what is actually happening. This is what happened with Del-Del. Instead of creating suspense, it created confusion. Kelleher’s risk to change genres failed because it created confusion instead of suspense, and therefore it was a wasted and failed effort. In conclusion although Victor Kelleher was a successful writer overall, he did not do his best work in Del-Del. Although he put the perfect amount of suspense in the novel, he overdid the false trails and hints throughout the book and this ended up confusing and frustrating the reader. With the amount of false trails and suspense in the book, one would expect the ending to be a massive and unexpected ending. This was not the case and instead had a very lame ending where Del-Del was just Sam trying and failing to express his emotions. This sort of ending would also have annoyed the reader. As well as that the reader would also have been confused with the changing of genres. The book changes from a horror thriller to a sci-fi thriller to a psychological thriller. Instead of creating more suspense Kelleher had hoped, it created confusion as the reader would not have known what was going on. So it is because of this that I say that although Victor Kelleher is not an exceptional thriller writer, Del-Del does grips like a vice and holds the reader taut, on a nerves edge, until the final page.

Why I Don t Be A Talented - 871 Words

You Don’t have to be a Talented to be Successful When it comes to student success, basically it’s based upon how students perceive themselves by the praise of their instructors. Though some can disagree with the type of motivational mindset students can develop. Both mindset and habits of mind give concrete evidence to give the insight how the key to student success is by showing determination perseverance â€Å"grit†, can go a long way to better effort towards ones future. To briefly summarize what the article â€Å"Brainology† describes of what student success is strived to achieve but by those who don’t doubt themselves in themselves what Dweck calls a fixed mindset. What defines a mindset is the different ways some can tolerate a feedback towards the effort given. Being average almost my whole elementary years I always thought there was nothing special here. I guess you can say my mindset was a fixed mindset of the potential I could have given to my life. The biggest threat to give students this sort of mind set that challenges that some face seem to be demoralizing not knowing failure is reflective trait that can improve their effort in the future. By one passage in this article destroys this thought by saying â€Å"intelligence can be developed opens students to love of the learning, a belief in the power of the effort and constructive determined reactions to setbacks†. Dwecks tests this by having a class take an IQ test divid ed those who scored well were told to be smart, those whoShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Be Paid?1381 Words   |  6 Pages I think college athletes should get paid because many college athletes bring in a lot of money for their schools. Not to mention coaches already get paid millions of dollars in college sports. Being a college athlete is a full-time job and a big time commitment. Sometimes college college athletes put in 40 to 60 hours a week for practice, travel, and games. 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